Applying Thermal Expansion Essay Example for Free

Applying Thermal Expansion Essay Complete the following problems and exercises using complete sentences and showing all work where appropriate. 1. The temperature of the Suns interior is about 107 degrees. Does it matter whether this is degrees Celsius or kelvins? Defend your answer. No, it DOESNt matter whether this is in degrees Celsius or kelvins, since the DIFFERENCE between these scales is ONLY ~ 273 of either measure, and that is ABSOLUTELY NEGLIGIBLE w.r.t. the magnitude of the number 10^7. However, what is more important, perhaps, is that your value of 10^7 is itself a rather loose characterization. Modern  solar evolutionary models suggest rather that the Suns T_c is ~ 1.5 x 10^7 (degrees Celsius or kelvins) instead of merely ~ 10^7. (Our understanding of solar physics is certainly such that an error of a factor of ~ 1.5 in its central temperature would be considered way out of all reasonable possibility!) Of course the numerical factor in front of 10^7 would matter even more if one were using the (non-scientific) Fahrenheit scale. Once again, however (unlike National Geographic magazine, which should hang its head in shame over some of its conversions), one would NOT say that the Suns central temperature was about 2.7 x 10^7 and 32 degrees Fahrenheit! 2. What happens to the gas pressure within a sealed gallon can when it is heated? Cooled? Why? The gases in general obey the gas laws. As per the law the pressure,volume and temperature of the gas is related as: P1V/T1 =P2V2/T2; WhereP1 is pressure at stage 1, V1 is volume at stage 1 and T1 is temperature (Kelvin) for stage 1,and P2,V2 and T2 are the pressure,volume and temperature for stage 2. Now, if a gas contained in a sealed gallon is heatedor cooled the volume of the gas is constant but pressure and temperature will adjust u=in such a way that the : P1/T1 =P2/T2 If T2 is more than T1,then( heating the gas ) P2= P1*T2/T1 as T2 T1 so P2 will bve more than P1,hence, the pressure will increase. If T2

Pros And Cons Of Globalization Politics Essay

Pros And Cons Of Globalization Politics Essay The 19th century witnessed the advent of globalization in something approaching its modern form. Industrialization permitted the cheap production of household items using economies of scale, while rapid population growth created sustained demand for commodities and manufactures. Globalization in this period was decisively shaped by nineteenth-century imperialism. After the Opium Wars and the completion of the British conquest of India, the vast populations of these regions became ready consumers of European exports. Meanwhile, the conquest of new parts of the globe, notably sub-Saharan Africa, by the European powers yielded valuable natural resources such as rubber, diamonds and coal and helped fuel trade and investment between the European imperial powers, their colonies, and the United States. It was in this period that areas of sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific islands were incorporated into the world system. The first phase of modern globalization began to break down at the begi nning of the 20th century with the First World War. According to John Maynard Keynes The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea, the various products of the whole earth, and reasonably expect their early delivery upon his doorstep. Militarism and imperialism of racial and cultural rivalries were little more than the amusements of his daily newspaper. What an extraordinary episode in the economic progress of man was that age which came to an end in August 1914. The final death knell for this phase of globalization came during the gold standard crisis and Great Depression in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Globalization in the middle decades of the twentieth century was largely driven by the global expansion of multinational corporations based in the United States and the worldwide export of American culture through the new media of film, television and recorded music. Today, cross-border capital flows are more important than trade flows, and some trans national corporations now have budgets larger than the economies of many countries. But what is globalization by itself? Imagine how life was twenty years ago. There were no cell phones, no computers, definitely no laptops. Therefore, there was limited communication not only between people from other countries, but also between people who lived on the opposite site of the same country. Instead of sending emails that only take a few seconds to receive, letters were sent and received within a few days of weeks. In its simplest way we can describe globalization as elimination of borders such as each country becomes socially, politically and economically interdependent with one another. In ideal global community economic globalization will lead to emergence of global market place or single world market. Depending on the paradigm, globalization can have both positive and negative effects on participating nations. On the positive side, globalization has resulted in increased access to more goods and consumers in many countries, reduced prices due to competition with local monopolies and increased food supply due to industrial agricultural in some countries. There is a worldwide market for the companies and for the customers there is a better access to products from different countries. For example, people are quite happy when they are able to purchase label products like Nike shoes, GAP clothes, Sony Play Stations, Apple devices, Toshiba computers for bargain prices. These are just a few items people from first world enjoy purchasing for reasonable prices. The prices are kept low by the manufacturer because the items are produced in the third world countries where labor costs are minimal. Poor people in some countries have been able to buy cheaper imported goods rather than goods produced by local monopolies. Transnational companies provide third world regions technology and employment wages a nd as a result of financial investment the employed workers can afford food, cloth and a shelter for their families. In theory, the region should go on prosperity and eventually start importing goods and services created based on other countries in addition to exporting goods and services created on their own. A recent study by the London-based Center for Economic Policy Research reports that globalization increases economic growth and improved the incomes of both rich and poor people. The researchers claim that the number of people living in poverty today would be even greater without globalization. However, there is more inequality among and within countries today than in the past. Between 1870 and 1990, the gap in per capita income between rich and developing countries has grown fivefold. Closely related to equality and wages, labor conditions is another area influenced by globalization. On the positive side, some workers in lesser developed countries have received more education and training from multinational companies due to globalization. Furthermore, there is some evidence that increased competition has resulted in upgrading educational systems to produce a more highly qualified workforce. The threat of job displacement is one of the most tangible concerns that critics have regarding globalization. Workers have more employment opportunities in some countries, but they have less in others where certain industries and firms have been put out of business by global competitor. Some people have less choice about how they make their living as a result of globalization. In fact, globalization affects everyone; from the villager working in a third world transnational factory to the unemployed former factory worker in North America. These two types of individuals best rep resent people most affected by globalization. The third world factory workers may for the first time in their lives have a predictable and steady income to feed, clothe and shelter their families. In the past they may have been vulnerable to diseases and starvation. It also has significant impact on people in North America as many of manufacturing jobs were relocated offshore where labor cost and taxes were nominal. They not only have lost their jobs, but also their homes and their hopes. Increasing imports from low-wage countries are perceived by some as a threat to manufacturing jobs in industrialized countries, particularly in labor-intensive sectors. The key question regarding globalization and governments is whether or not globalization threatens national sovereignty. Historically, governments played a major role in promoting their countrys economic development and managing its economy. Today, however, some critics argue that government matters less and less in a global economy. On the positive side of the ledger, for some governments, globalization has resulted in expanded infrastructure, more jobs, and more economic development for their citizenry. Certain countries have benefited from the transfer of modern, more effective management techniques to their business sector. Furthermore, some observers believe that the increased interdependence of trading and investment partners will draw countries closer together and serve as deterrent against war. On the negative side, international competitiveness has influenced public policy in some countries by encouraging government officials to lower labor standards. Because governments may view themselves in competition with others in a race to the bottom to attract investors to their country, foreign firms can have the upper hand in negotiations unless governments have something unique such as rare natural resources, highly trained people and a large market to offer. Singapore, for instance, invested heavily in education, attracting high-tech and professional industry rather than limiting its population to employment in low-wage factories. Globalization may be a positive force for greater cross-cultural understanding via more cross-cultural exposure and closer cross-border ties. In the past thirty years we have been socially connected to the internet and have created global links between people and fields of education, medicine, science and technology, art, entertainment, trade, travel, business, politics. The list goes on and on. We surf the internet in search of movies, music and fashion. We can even go on online dating services that connect us up with the perfect guy or girl that we have been dreaming to meet. As Tomlinson stated, A world of complex connectivity thus links the myriad small everyday actions of millions with the fates of distant, unknown others and even with the possible fate of the planet. According to Tomlinson increased connectivity of the world is as a double-edged sword that provides new and wider understanding at the same time that it takes away the securities of ones local world. Critics claim that globalization is creating a monoculture that is rapidly spreading around the world. By this view, weakened cultural traditions combined with the importation of foreign media, stores, and goods encourage cultural homogenization. For instance, television has universally connected many cultures to one another. In fact, many non-western cultures have been influenced by the broad scale of exportation of western culture through music, television and the internet. Critics claim that globalization has irrevocably changed the social landscape of communities and constitutes a threat to national culture in various ways. As what concerning environmental sustainability, positive side of globalization is that it caused some countries to make a narrower range of products more efficiently. In other words, it has given them a comparative advantage. It has been responsible for creating and exporting technologies that use fewer natural resources and result in less waste and pollution. Globalization has facilitated improved energy efficiency, reduced use of materials, metal recovery technologies. The industrial ecology movement has sought to improve environmental responsiveness at the same time that it reduces the global cost of production for corporations. On the negative side, because of globalization, harmful technologies and activities have also been exported. Although better technology is available, companies do not always use it because it may be expensive. Therefore, globalization is blamed as a source of pollution. Since environment is a heritage of all human beings and everyone is affected it become s a global environmental problem. How does globalization affect our life? Because of globalization we have a great number of choices as to what types of movies, food, cloth, technology and books we can purchase and what prices we pay for them. Our choices might become limited if we are not able to secure our jobs because of the negative economic impact of global shift in economic investment outside our country. Since globalization in some degree erases borders, we start to live in cultural diversity. Because some of our friends are foreigners, we are growing in understanding of their cultural heritage and experience some kind of social connection with their home cultures. We look around our house and see goods that have been manufactured all over the world blankets from India, tea from Ceylon, cloth from China, Korea and France, furniture from Canada and so forth. How does economic globalization be fully achieved? The realization of economic globalization can only be achieved through the progressive change of law and policies governing how countries exchange goods and services with one another. The North American trade agreement between USA, Canada and Mexico is a good example of this type of globalization political policy creation. The paradigm of past eras of protection resulted in policies that served as national interest of individual countries to preserve local jobs and produce markets. Tariffs, trade quotas, legislations were passed to assure imports could not have competitive pricing edge and gain significant market foothold within the country. Nationalism and its reluctant trade policy often restrained the flow of goods and services across borders. As time pasts, countries more often start to realize that in order to be competitive they must start to open their borders more widely. In conclusion, the current debates raging on globalization and the explosion of publications on this topic reflect the importance this phenomenon has gained in recent years. We can picture globalization as a process that has resulted in both positive and negative consequences, both winners and losers. Given the complexity and scope of the topic, it is difficult to determine with precision whether some of the problems linked to globalization would exist independently and to what degree. Globalization in its current state often involves serious tradeoffs such as economic development and jobs at the cost of environmental degradation and weakened labor protection. Given the ever-evolving history of economic development, trade, and international relations, there is little reason to assume that globalization as we know it today is the final version. It is time to consider how we as future managers may contribute to globalization and whether we may take a strong leadership role in influenci ng the way people think about and practice global business in the future.

Bermuda Triangle as a Mythical Geographic Area Essay -- Bermuda Triang

Bermuda Triangle as a Mythical Geographic Area The Bermuda triangle is a mythical geographic area. It is believed to extend from the tip of Florida to Bermuda and to Puerto Rico. Over 100 planes and ships have disappeared in the last century. There are many theories about what might cause the disappearances of theses ships and planes. Scientist have come to believe that the most possible theory has something to do with the climate change such as tsunamis, hurricanes or waterspouts. The other theory is that the compasses point to the True North and not the Magnetic North. There are other less likely theories but it depends on whether a person believes or not. There is also the theory that Atlantis might have sunk where the Bermuda Triangle is located and that the Atlanteans technology is so advanced that they are disintegrating our ships and planes. People think that the aliens have chosen certain spots to abduct people and do experiments on. Scientist also believe that the Bermuda Triangle might be something like a black hole whi ch takes people to a different dimension or a time warp. Scientist have come to believe that when the ships and airplanes fly through the triangle that a hurricane, tsunami or a waterspout might have swallowed the ships. There have been a few times where empty and intact ships have washed ashore but the only thing found was either a dog or cat, but no humans whatsoever. Waterspouts might spin up to a speed of 150 MPH but they usually won’t last longer than 10 minutes. Yet these waterspouts have the power rip ships in half and destroy airplanes. Tsunamis can reach speeds of 600 MPH and reach heights of 100 feet. The possibility of a tsunami being responsible for the disappearances is low because tsunamis are usually visible on land. Hurricanes can swallow a ship but it’s not usual for it to swallow an airplane. A ship being swallowed possible but the problem is if they in fact really do get destroyed what happens to the remains of the ships and the people? This leaves many scientist puzzled if climate changes are responsible f or the disappearances then why haven’t any remains been found. The next theory is that when the compasses are in a certain place on earth such as the Bermuda Triangle they point to the truth north instead of the magnetic north like normal. This causes many ships and airplanes to go many miles away from wher... ... a time warp and cannot get out, or they might have entered another dimension. If this is what is happening to the people in ships and planes maybe that’s why there are no remains they might have moved to another unknown dimension or might be stuck in a time warp. In Conclusion I believe that the best explanation is that these airplanes and ships are being misdirected because of the true north versus the magnetic north theory. Maybe the ships and planes become deviated because of their compass that they become lost and the weather just is not easy to survive in so they are never found. They other possibility is that they go so deep into the ocean that its hard for them to go anywhere because their compasses do not work. This is what I think because of the research that I have done. Bibliography Berlitz, Charles (1974) The Bermuda Triangle an Incredible Saga of Unexplained Disappearances. New York: Doubleday & Company Inc. Gaffron, Norma (1988) The Bermuda Triangle Great Mysteries Opposing Viewpoints. Minnesota: Greenhaven Press Inc. Kusche, Lawrence David. (1975) The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved. New York: Harper & Row Publishers Inc. www.bermuda-triangle.org

Argument Supporting Gay Marriage Essay -- Homosexual Gay Lesbian Right

Lindsey and Beth, a lesbian couple, have been living together for eleven years. Lindsey conceived two children from a sperm donor. Together, Lindsey and Beth turned their house into a loving home for their two children. One day, on the way home from the grocery store, Lindsey was killed in a tragic car accident. Before Beth could even grasp the situation, the children that she helped raise from birth had been taken away and placed into the care of Lindsey's parents, who never were a part of their lives because they did not accept Lindsey's homosexuality. In addition, the house that Beth and Lindsey lived in for eleven years was taken away from Beth. How did this happen to Beth? Well, if Lindsey and Beth could have been legally married like all heterosexual couples, Beth would have had custody of the children and would have kept the house. They would have received 1,049 protections, benefits and responsibilities that are extended to married couples under federal law (HRC). Lindsey and Beth are one example of same sex couples that live in 99.3 percent of all counties in the United States (HRC). It is estimated that 10 percent or 25 million people in the United States are homosexuals, and by law they do not have the rights that married heterosexuals enjoy. American voters have the power to change the law and prevent the sad story that Beth had to live, by voting "yes" on referendums in support of gay marriage, and "no" on bans of gay marriage. The opening scenario of Lindsey and Beth is a dilemma that is becoming more of a real situation each day. The fact is that people are forming unions regardless of the law. In all fairness, the people involved in these relationships should have the same legal rights as all other American... ...discriminating against gay marriage. But by voting "yes" on referendums in support of gay marriage, and "no" on bans of gay marriage, our society can become one step closer to creating a more fair and just society that supports diversity and accepts people with a different life-style. Works Cited Human Rights Campaign (HRC). 26 Nov 2006. . Moats, David. Civil Wars a Battle for Gay Marriage. New York: Harcourt, Inc., 2004. Rauch, Jonathan. Gay Marriage. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC, 2004. Robertson, Donald L. Dr. "Homosexuality and Genetics." 26 Nov 2006. . "U.S. Census Figures Continue To Show National Trend." Human Rights Campaign. 27 June 2006. 26 Nov 2006. eleases/20011/U_S_Census_Figures_Continue_To_Show_National_Trend.htm>.

Lessons of the Socialist Planned Soviet Economy :: essays papers

Lessons of the Socialist Planned Soviet Economy A long time ago the chancellor of Germany, Bismarck, said the following after reading the â€Å"Communist Manifesto† by Marx and Engels, â€Å"This is very interesting. But now we have to find a country that we wouldn’t pity to do an experiment on†. Russia was to be the country that this experiment would take place in. The main part of the experiment consisted of running a Socialist planned economy which is defined as the state of economy, where all production sections are governed and owned by government institutions. Before the country could implement the planned economy it had to adapt some policies. First the country had to start industrializing, or as some economists call it the â€Å"big push† (industry-first strategy). The growth of the industrial sector was the ultimate goal. But since Russian economy was so backward it required a transitional period that was called state capitalism. In stated capitalism, through nationalization, the state would control major sectors of the economy and use this control to influence the remaining private sectors. Nationalization gave the state not only the control of the means of production, but it also insured the control over the output. Another policy that had to be adapted was the collectivization. After 1927, when the voluntary grain output fell below government target, Stalin ordered the collectivization of agriculture by forcibly establishing collective farms. Millions of peasants who resisted collectivization were arrested, and then executed or deported. Even in the post-Soviet era, the collectivization of agriculture was Soviet economy’s sore spot; it never achieved its economic goals. To hold all this together there had to be an organization big enough to balance what had now been known as the input-output economy. In 1922, Gosplan was created to exclusively and explicitly deal with planning. In the early stages Gosplan delivered the control figures and planed targets. In 1925 Gosplan assumed responsibility for drawing up Five Year Plans. The Five Year Plan called for industrialization at a maximum pace with a conception that some major construction projects had to be done. By the end of 1930s the nationalization was completed, agriculture collectivized, and the national planning mechanism established. The Soviet economic system was one of the most complex organizational arrangements, especially among the different layers of organizations.

Origins Of Agriculture In African Sahara Essay

Several decades ago, Harlan et al. (1976) suggested that Africa, outside of the Nile River Valley, might be the most useful setting for developing a fuller understanding of plant domestication and agricultural origins (Harlan et al. , 5). It seems that in Africa the earliest indigenous plant domestication occurred relatively late (ca. 2000 BC) compared to most other regions of the world (Harlan et al, 7-8). Whether this was due to a method of harvesting that was not artificially selective, such as beating versus cutting with stone or iron sickles, a lack of intentional re-sowing of harvested grains, or reliance in some cases on non-domesticable plants remains unknown, but it seems clear that wild grain collection was part of a variety of adaptive strategies until at least about 2000 BC. Unlike the Near East, most of Africa’s native domestic plants appear to have different temporal and geographic origins. In other words, crop domestication in Africa did not arise in a single region, but developed from diverse vegetative zones (Harlan et al, 12). From the critical and historical perspectives, it is important to understand and analyze the development of agricultural patterns in any historio-geographical region, African Sahara in this particular case, because it is from there that the first evidence emerges of village-based communities, pastoralism and intensive use of wild grains. Over the past 75 years, theories of the origins and spread of agriculture have been numerous and diverse. Explanations have ranged from cultural progress, climate change, diffusion of agriculture from single hearths, to population pressure, status enhancement, feasting, and to simply viewing the variety of agricultural approaches around the globe as increasingly extractive adaptations of foraging behavior. Increasingly, however, it appears that multiple factors led to the development of agriculture and that the processes may have been different in each region of the world. Archaeological evidence from centers of independent domestication provides numerous opportunities to explain the process, but from the critical viewpoint, it gives little insight into what might have been the ultimate stimulus for such a broad shift. Today, the Egyptian Western Desert (also known as the Eastern Sahara or the Libyan Desert) is extremely inhospitable with little or no rainfall, high daily temperatures, relentless sandstorms, and life that can be supported only near the occasional well or oasis (Wendorf and Schild, 1984, 1-5). Increased rainfall around 9000 BC led to the formation of seasonal ponds around Bir Kiseiba and Nabta Playa (Wendorf and Schild, 1984, 2). Although the Eastern Sahara remained unpredictable, peoples migrating west from the Nile Valley or from the desert to the south began to temporarily inhabit its better-watered areas (Close and Wendorf, 64). No structures, storage pits, or wells were recovered from the earliest sites, and pottery was rare (Wendorf and Schild, 1984, 5). Grinding stones were present in the oldest levels, and the plant remains suggest reliance on wild grasses (Wendorf and Schild, 1998, 99). Wild animals such as hare and gazelle comprised the majority of faunal remains, and domesticated cattle were possibly included in the subsistence regime (Wendorf and Schild, 1998, 103). By 8000 to 7000 BC, the area around Nabta was scattered with desert lakes and dotted with the trees of Tamarix, Acacia, and probably Ziziphus, swampy plants (sedges), and wild grasses (Close and Wendorf, 68). Occupation of the Western Desert was still likely seasonal, with abandonment during the summer monsoons. The sites were larger than those of the previous period, and the remains of small and large huts, bell-shaped storage pits, and deep wells suggest intensified habitation (Close and Wendorf, 69). Lithics, bone points, grinding stones, and pottery were present (though pottery was still somewhat rare), and the fauna continued to consist mainly of hare, gazelle, and possibly domesticated cattle (Wendorf and Schild 1998, 107). The evidence for domesticated cattle in these earliest levels is debated. Bones, tentatively identified as such, mainly teeth and foot remains, are morphologically similar to both modern domesticated and wild cattle (Bos primigenius f. taurus and B. rimigenius, respectively), but not to other large bovids in the area. Gautier argues for the presence of domesticated cattle rather than wild cattle because the latter probably could not survive on their own in an arid climate without the aid of humans to guide them to known water sources (qtd in Close and Wendorf 1984, 61-62). Support for domesticated cattle comes also from the lack of bones from medium-sized bovids that typically roam with wild cattle (Wendorf and Schild 1998, 108). Cattle bones are present but not common in the assemblages, which is used to argue for cattle-keeping (for milk and blood) rather than for cattle-eating (Close and Wendorf, 66). Interestingly, Close and Wendorf suggest that it was this expansion into the Sahara that might have pushed cattle-herders towards cattle-keeping and not slaughter, as during the same time in the Nile Valley, cattle apparently were being killed for consumption and not maintained for their products (Close and Wendorf, 68). In addition to hunting, and cattle milk and blood, the collection of wild plants also provided food. The best studied plant remains come from the site of E-75-6 at Nabta Playa, dating to around 6000 BC (Wasylikowa, 128). Wendorf and Schild interpret the sites of Nabta Playa as representing an important transition in prehistory, that of incipient domestication (Wendorf and Schild, 1998, 105). The intensive use of wild grains by pastoralist-hunters suggests a broad-spectrum approach to subsistence, but one that also incorporates semi-sedentism and delayed use of resources. Although the pastoralists at Nabta Playa apparently revisited the same locations on a seasonal basis, they probably were forced to remain mobile due to their reliance on cattle and the need for abundant grass cover. Archeologists and historians suggest that groups migrating from the west introduced domesticated African grains to the upper Middle Niger Delta (MND) is has been supported by material remains through various archeological sites (McIntosh, 56). For instance, ceramics and bone harpoon-type points with affinities to sites in the Mema and Dhar Tichitt suggest that there was some early interaction or occupation at Dia by fisher-forager and agro-pastoralist groups from these more western areas. Evidence from Dhar Tichitt suggests that domesticated millet was introduced prior to 1900 BC, and that millet farming and herding existed well before 600 BC (McIntosh, 71). Ceramics from Mema sites indicate that indigenous fisher-foragers first inhabited the Mema area, but by 1300-800 BC, pastoralist immigration into the region had begun. It has been proposed by Mcintosh that these groups of herders and fishers might have assimilated to some degree in the Mema, and then perhaps fissioned into proto-Bozo and Nono groups upon entering the modern MND sometime between 800 and 400 BC (McIntosh, 79). Movement into the deeper channels of the upper MND was likely one response to increasing desiccation of the ancient floodplain margins and encroachment of the Sahara during the early first millennium BC. The human-plant relationship at MND appears from the earliest times to be based on rice farming and collection of wild plant resources. This trend continues throughout the occupation of the sites, even during periods of seasonal habitation or partial abandonment (Horizons II and III of Dia). Early in the second millennium however, several species (pearl millet, bread wheat, and cotton) occur that suggest the development of new or intensified relationships between Dia and the outside world. The increased presence of pearl millet noted especially on Mara probably signals enhanced trade or exchange with other communities, or perhaps the movement of new peoples into the area. Mcintosh writes of oscillating drying trends during this time that might have allowed cultivation of pearl millet in areas previously too wet, perhaps at Dia or at outlying hamlets (Mcintosh, 83). This important cereal was likely domesticated somewhere between the Sahara and the Sahel of West Africa. The earliest evidence of domesticated pearl millet comes from Tichitt, dating 1900-1500 BC, and from Birimi in northern Ghana, where two grains were directly dated to 1740 BC and 1130-1250 BC (McIntosh, 93). Pearl millet occurs frequently at later sites and is a common and important cereal across much of West Africa. The four bread wheat grains found on both Shoma and Mara, one grain directly radiocarbon dated to AD 779-1157, may also signal trade, or more likely, visitors from abroad. Native to west Asia and introduced into North Africa by way of Egypt, these wheat grains probably made their way to MND via one of the major Saharan trade towns such as Sijilmasa, where to according to medieval Arabic travelers and traders, wheat was cultivated (McIntosh, 99-100). In sum, it increasingly appears that there was an independent domestication of cattle in the eastern Sahara around 8000 BC, well before the introduction of cattle, goat, and sheep from the Near East around 5000 BC. Practicing a broad-spectrum approach to food getting, these early herders spread west and south across the Sahara, eventually entering West Africa around 2000 BC. The earliest domesticated grass (pearl millet) occurs around this time in a broad band across the southern Sahara and Sahel beginning earliest at Dhar Tichitt (Mauritania) and moving rapidly eastward to Lake Chad (northeastern Nigeria) by about 1200 BC (Wendorf and Schild, 1998, 122). These sites are invariably associated with the remains of domesticated cattle, suggesting that Saharan pastoralists introduced domesticated grasses into sub-Saharan Africa and played a pivotal role in the development of other African regions.

Nat Result Essay

Philippine Constitution affirms that education is the birth right of all Filipinos. This means that education should be available to all Filipinos whatever their age, creed, abilities, social and economic status. Educating all Filipino is very great challenge to our educational system. Addressing this Constitutional pronouncement need the dedication and commitment of all teachers that considerably carries the responsibility and accountable to process learning and see to it that pupils attained satisfaction of their rights regardless of their age, creed, abilities, social and economic status. To determine the child’s performance and competence of teacher standardized test as NAT is the high-flying instrument to measure both performance. The bases whether pupils perform well and mastered the required competencies of said school which also the manifestation of the quality of the teachers present in a particular school, and assumption to be competent in local , national, and global viewpoint. Statement of the Problem This study sought to describe and analyse the performance of Del Hilado Elementary School (DES) grade III pupils in Science on the National Achievement Test (NAT) for the SY 2010 – 2011. Furthermore, this study aims to trace up the history of performance of Del Hilado Elementary School (DHES) grade III pupils in National Achievement Test (NAT) three years backward and to determine the competency that mostly grade III pupils find hard to master. Finally, design an intervention program that focuses the grade III pupils to get grips the competency. Specifically, the study answered the following questions: 1. What is the relationship of teaching strategies to the performance of Del Hilado Elementary School Grade III pupils on the NAT? 2. What is the relationship between the School’s Post-test in Grade III in Science as measured by the Nat? 3. How is Science taught in school? Scope and Delimitation This study is primarily concern with the performance of Del Hilado Elementary School (DHES) grade III pupils in Science of the National Achievement Test. In particular with the competency of Science which pupils find difficulties to be au faith with. In addition this study aims to ascertain the causative factor of the low performance of Del Hilado Elementary School of grade III pupils in Science on National Achievement Test (NAT). Teachers’ competence * Materials * Assessment tools and facilities Significance of the Study This study provide insights to the school administrator to be focus and develop a leadership style that would encourage everyone, brought awareness the problem that causes the deterioration of the performance of Del Hilado Elementary School (DHES) grade III pupils on the National Achievement Test (NAT) predominantly in Science. Through this document teachers will able to reflect, evaluate her/his failures and made necessary variation to be effective. The result of this study will also serve to gain more insights for the principal and teachers to work with the following: 1. Bringing classroom level to national level 2. Improve performance of Grade III pupils in Science 3. Enhance teachers’ strategies in teaching Science. Consequently, generates concerted effort and mutual furtherance among the school personnel and apparently parents. Definition of terms Standard deviation – a measurement of variability and clustering around the mean. Mean – also known as the arithmetic mean, a value that helps summarize an entire set of numbers. A set’s mean is calculated by adding the numbers in the set together and dividing their sum by the number of members of the set. Mean Percentage Score (MPS) – mean divided by the number of cases times 100. NAT – National Achievement test standardized test that administered by the national to measure the pupils’ mastery in the competency and also may reflect the teachers performance . An examination that measures the extent to which a person has acquired certain information or mastered certain skills, usually as a result of specific instruction. Performance – accomplishment of something prescribe by the department (teaching, exams)| The accomplishment of a given task measured against preset known standards of accuracy, completeness, cost, and speed. In a contract, performance is deemed to be the fulfilment of an obligation, in a manner that releases the performer from all liabilities under the contract. | Science – systematic study of anything that can be examined, tested, and verified. The word science is derived from the Latin word scire, meaning â€Å"to know. From its early beginnings, science has developed into one of the greatest and most influential fields of human endeavour. Today different branches of science investigate almost everything that can be observed or detected, and science as a whole shapes the way we understand the universe, our planet, ourselves, and other living things School – an institution of teaching children. Post-test – a school based test that administered towards th e end of the year a summative test that covers all from the very first lesson to the last. Child – a young human being between birth and puberty. Teacher – is a person who provides education for pupils or students. who facilitates education for an individual may also be described as a personal tutor, or, largely historically, a governess. The role of teachers, school heads and school counsellors in continuous assessment is quite different according to each one. The teacher’s role is to give his students the opportunity to assess their own skills and to be able to improve their levels and it’s at the same time a ool for the teacher to know exactly what are his students’ needs and weaknesses and to remediate to them in an efficient way. For the school heads and school counsellors their role is to supervise teachers and help them carry out their assessment in good working conditions so that it achieve its aim which is improving students’ performance and learning. Principal – head teacher or the manger in a school whose duty def ine as a leader, communicator, moderator and other functions that constitutes as a senior in the school. Review of Related Literature Ogden Lindsley, make classroom instruction in science called Precision teaching. An approach is teaching that emphasizes behaviour or performance. An instrument scientifically designed to elicit correct and rapid performance for feedback and positive reinforcement following appropriate behaviour. According to the following, Benet and Simon (1996), Wechsler (1975), R. L. Thorndike (1913), Guilford (1985), and Grander (1983) suggested that intelligence is a global aspects of one’s personality. Accordingly, intelligence can conclude not only abilities to learn academic subjects, deal with abstraction, and solve problems but also the ability to withstand stress and distractions, be motivated, remain emotionally stable, be interested in learning, be socially competent and display physical grace. What teachers need to know about learning? Intrinsic motivation – is what influences learners to choose a task get energized about it, and persist until they accomplish it successfully regardless of whether it brings on immediate rewards. A motivation to engage in activity for its own sake. Attribution theory – a perspective of motivation that assumes that people seek to understand why they succeed or fails. Self-efficacy theory – an appraisal or evaluation that a person makes about his or her personal competence to succeed at a particular task; an individual’s personal expectations, internal standards and self-concept. Self-determination – an appearance that holds that an attitude of determination is the foundation for motivated behaviour. For the past 20 years, public opinion has identified field of lack of discipline as the number one problem facing beginning teachers. The overwhelming majority of beginning teachers routinely express concerns about classroom control and frequently experience discipline problems during their initial months and year in the classroom (Rogan, Borich, ;amp; Taylor, 1992). Much more those teachers that only gained units of education to qualify as a teacher. According to Slavin: Leaving aside for a moment the special case of acceleration, nearly all researchers would agree that the achievement effects of between-class ability grouping (tracking) for all students are small to nil. What does this say to the practitioner? Since arguments for ability for grouping depend entirely on the belief that grouping increases achievement, the absence of such evidence undermines any rationale for the practice. The harm done by ability groups, I believe, lies not primarily in effects on achievement but in other impacts on low and average achievers. For example, low tracks students are more likely to be delinquent or to drop out of the school than similar low achievers not in low track (Wiatrowski, Hansell, Massey, ;amp; Wilson, 1982). Perhaps, most important, tracking works agints our national ideology that all created equal and our desire to be one nation. The fact that African-American, Hispanic, and low socioeconomic students in general wind up so often in the low tracks is repugnant on its face. Why would we want organized our schools this way if we have no evidence that it helps students to learn? (Slavin, 1991,p. 70) The question of Quality education is not new to us as Philippine Education is concern; Philippine Educational System is a product of over research kind of educational system to compete internationally, particularly at the basic or primary level is now very much on the world agenda.